Hereditary Renal Cancer Syndromes.

Familial kidney tumors represent a rare variety of hereditary cancer syndromes, although systematic gene sequencing studies revealed that as many as 5% of renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) are associated with germline pathogenic variants (PVs). Most instances of RCC predisposition are attributed to the loss-of-function mutations in tumor suppressor genes, which drive the malignant progression via somatic inactivation of the remaining allele. These syndromes almost always have extrarenal manifestations, for example, von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease, fumarate hydratase tumor predisposition syndrome (FHTPS), Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome, tuberous sclerosis (TS), etc. In contrast to the above conditions, hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma syndrome (HPRCC) is caused by activating mutations in the MET oncogene and affects only the kidneys. Recent years have been characterized by remarkable progress in the development of targeted therapies for hereditary RCCs. The HIF2aplha inhibitor belzutifan demonstrated high clinical efficacy towards VHL-associated RCCs. mTOR downregulation provides significant benefits to patients with tuberous sclerosis. MET inhibitors hold promise for the treatment of HPRCC. Systematic gene sequencing studies have the potential to identify novel RCC-predisposing genes, especially when applied to yet unstudied populations.

[Hereditary renal tumor syndromes.] / Örökletes vesetumor-szindrómák.

Kidney tumors may develop in association with hereditary tumor syndromes. The clinical presentation of these disorders is various, and in some cases, the renal tumor is the first manifestation of the syndrome. Thus, pathologists need to be aware of the gross and histological signs that may suggest the possibility of a tumor syndrome. In this paper, we summarize and illustrate the characteristics of kidney tumors, genetic background along with the extrarenal manifestations in the following diseases: Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma syndrome, hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma syndrome, Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, hereditary paraganglioma and pheochromocytoma syndrome, and inherited BAP1 tumor syndrome. At the end of the manuscript, we discuss the tumor syndromes with increased risk of Wilms tumors. Such patients require a holistic approach and multidisciplinary care. Our work aims to make those involved in the diagnosis and treatment of kidney tumors aware of these rare diseases that require life-long surveillance. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(10): 363-375.

Neuroendocrine neoplasms in the context of inherited tumor syndromes: a reappraisal focused on targeted therapies.

PURPOSE: Neuroendocrine neoplasms can occur as part of inherited disorders, usually in the form of well-differentiated, slow-growing tumors (NET). The main predisposing syndromes include: multiple endocrine neoplasias type 1 (MEN1), associated with a large spectrum of gastroenteropancreatic and thoracic NETs, and type 4 (MEN4), associated with a wide tumour spectrum similar to that of MEN1; von Hippel-Lindau syndrome (VHL), tuberous sclerosis (TSC), and neurofibromatosis 1 (NF-1), associated with pancreatic NETs. In the present review, we propose a reappraisal of the genetic basis and clinical features of gastroenteropancreatic and thoracic NETs in the setting of inherited syndromes with a special focus on molecularly targeted therapies for these lesions. METHODS: Literature search was systematically performed through online databases, including MEDLINE (via PubMed), and Scopus using multiple keywords' combinations up to June 2022. RESULTS: Somatostatin analogues (SSAs) remain the mainstay of systemic treatment for NETs, and radiolabelled SSAs can be used for peptide-receptor radionuclide therapy for somatostatin receptor (SSTR)-positive NETs. Apart of these SSTR-targeted therapies, other targeted agents have been approved for NETs: the mTOR inhibitor everolimus for lung, gastroenteropatic and unknown origin NET, and sunitinib, an antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitor, for pancreatic NET. Novel targeted therapies with other antiangiogenic agents and immunotherapies have been also under evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Major advances in the understanding of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of NET development in the context of inherited endocrine disorders have led to the recognition of molecular targetable alterations, providing a rationale for the implementation of treatments and development of novel targeted therapies.

Current Systemic Treatments for the Hereditary Cancer Syndromes: Drug Development in Light of Genomic Defects.

Advances in the genetic basis of different tumors have led to identification of tumor vulnerabilities that can be turn into targeted therapies. In this regard, PARP inhibitors cause synthetic lethality with tumors harboring BRCA1 or BRCA2 genetic alterations. On the other hand, tumors with microsatellite instability, either due to germline or sporadic alterations, are candidates for immune checkpoint inhibitors. Finally, patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease who carry a germline alteration in the VHL gene may benefit form belzutifan, a hypoxia-inducible factor 2 alpha inhibitor. Overall, research on the underlying pathological mechanisms of these tumors has provided new therapeutic opportunities that might be expanded to other sporadic tumors with similar biology.

Multidisciplinary integrated care pathway for von Hippel-Lindau disease.

BACKGROUND: Clinical pathways are care plans established to describe essential steps in the care of patients with a specific clinical problem. They translate (inter)national guidelines into local applicable protocols and clinical practice. The purpose of this article is to establish a multidisciplinary integrated care pathway for specialists and allied health care professionals in caring for individuals with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease. METHODS: Using a modified Delphi consensus-making process, a multidisciplinary panel from 5 Dutch University Medical Centers produced an integrated care pathway relating to the provision of care for patients with VHL by medical specialists, specialized nurses, and associated health care professionals. Patient representatives cocreated the pathway and contributed quality criteria from the patients' perspective. RESULTS: The panel agreed on recommendations for the optimal quality of care for individuals with a VHL gene mutation. These items were the starting point for the development of a patient care pathway. With international medical guidelines addressing the different VHL-related disorders, this article presents a patient care pathway as a flowchart that can be incorporated into VHL expertise clinics or nonacademic treatment clinics. CONCLUSIONS: Medical specialists (internists, urologists, neurosurgeons, ophthalmologists, geneticists, medical oncologists, neurologists, gastroenterologists, pediatricians, and ear-nose-throat specialists) together with specialized nurses play a vital role alongside health care professionals in providing care to people affected by VHL and their families. This article presents a set of consensus recommendations, supported by organ-specific guidelines, for the roles of these practitioners in order to provide optimal VHL care. This care pathway can form the basis for the development of comprehensive, integrated pathways for multiple neoplasia syndromes.

The pathological and molecular genetic landscape of the hereditary renal cancer predisposition syndromes.

It is estimated that 5-8% of renal tumours are hereditary in nature, with many inherited as autosomal-dominant. These tumours carry a unique spectrum of pathological and molecular alterations, the knowledge of which has expanded in recent years. Due to this knowledge, many advances in the treatment of these tumours have been achieved. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the genetic renal neoplasia syndromes, clinical and pathological presentations, molecular pathogenesis, advances in therapeutic implications and targeted therapy.

Treatment Strategies for Hereditary Kidney Cancer: Current Recommendations and Updates.

A subset of renal tumors (5-8%) are associated with syndromes such as von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome, Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHD), tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), hereditary papillary renal carcinoma (HPRC), hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer syndrome (HLRCC), and BRCA1 associated protein (BAP1) tumor predisposition syndrome, succinate dehydrogenase RCC (SDHB/C/D). These syndromes have their specific defined genetic alterations and associated extrarenal manifestations. Due to varying histopathology and aggressiveness of the tumors amongst these syndromes, the management strategies can range from active surveillance to upfront surgical resection. This review delineates specific characteristics of the most common familial renal cancer syndromes and discusses current management strategies.

Von Hippel-Lindau disease-associated renal cell carcinoma: a call to action.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: While the molecular and genetic bases of Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease have been extensively investigated, limited evidence is available to guide diagnosis, local or systemic therapy, and follow-up. The aim of the current review is to summarize the ongoing trials both in preclinical and clinical setting regarding VHL disease management. RECENT FINDINGS: Although genotype/phenotype correlations have been described, there is considerable inter and intra-familiar heterogeneity in VHL disease. Genetic anticipation has been reported in VHL disease. From a clinical point of view, expert-opinion-based protocols suggest testing those patients with any blood relative of an individual diagnosed with VHL disease, those with at least 1 or more suggestive neoplasms or patients presenting with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) diagnosed at a less than 40 years old, and/or multiple ccRCC. Clinical research is focused on safety and efficacy of systemic agents for patients with VHL-related ccRCC, with the aim to possibly preserve kidney function and improve patient survival. SUMMARY: To date, preclinical and clinical research on the topic is scarce and clinical guidelines are not supported by strong validation studies.

Management recommendations for pancreatic manifestations of von Hippel-Lindau disease.

Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) is a multineoplasm inherited disease manifesting with hemangioblastoma of the central nervous system and retina, adrenal pheochromocytoma, renal cell carcinoma, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and cysts, and neoplasms/cysts of the ear, broad ligament, and testicles. During 2018-2020, the VHL Alliance gathered several committees of experts in the various clinical manifestations of VHL to review the literature, gather the available evidence on VHL, and develop recommendations for patient management. The current report details the results of the discussion of a group of experts in the pancreatic manifestations of VHL along with their proposed recommendations for the clinical surveillance and management of patients with VHL. The recommendations subcommittee performed a comprehensive systematic review of the literature and conducted panel discussions to reach the current recommendations. The level of evidence was defined according to the Shekelle variation of the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation grading system. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network Categories of Evidence and Consensus defined the committee members' interpretation of the evidence and degree of consensus. The recommendations encompass the main aspects of VHL-related pancreatic manifestations and their clinical management. They are presented in a clinical orientation, including general planning of screening and surveillance for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, utility of biochemical biomarkers, the optimal choice for imaging modality, indirect risk stratification, indications for tissue sampling of VHL-related pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, and interventions. These recommendations are designed to serve as the reference for all aspects of the screening, surveillance, and management of VHL-related pancreatic manifestations.

Kidney cancer: from genes to therapy.

Renal cell carcinoma incidence is rising worldwide with increasing subtype stratification by the World Health Organization. Each subtype has unique genetic alterations, cell biology changes and clinical findings. Such genetic alterations offer the potential for individualized therapeutic approaches that are rapidly progressing. This review highlights the most common subtypes of renal cell carcinoma, including both hereditary and sporadic forms, with a focus on genetic changes, clinical findings and ongoing clinical trials.

Hemangioma capilar de retina primario y secundario en México / Primary and secondary retinal capillary haemangioma in Mexico

Se presenta una serie de 16 casos de hemangioma capilar retiniano de pacientes valorados en un hospital oftalmológico de enseñanza en la Ciudad de México: 7 de ellos eran hemangioblastomas primarios y 9 eran secundarios a enfermedad de von Hippel-Lindau. Todos los casos relacionados con esta enfermedad presentaban en ese momento manifestaciones sistémicas como: tumores cerebelosos, medulares o renales. El tratamiento para el hemangioma capilar retiniano debe ser individualizado con base en diversos factores como el número de lesiones, la exudación o la presencia de desprendimiento de retina asociado. Se debe de contar con un abordaje multidisciplinario (AU)

A series is presented of 16 cases of retinal capillary haemangioma from consecutive patients at an ophthalmology teaching hospital in Mexico City. There were 7 primary haemangioblastomas, and 9 due to von Hippel-Lindau disease. All cases associated with this disease already had systemic manifestations, such as cerebellar, medullary and renal tumours. Treatment of capillary haemangiomas must be individualised, based on several factors, including the number of lesions, exudation, or presence of retinal detachment. A multidisciplinary approach is essential (AU)

Diagnostic and management strategies for pNETs in Von Hippel-Lindau: a systematic review.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) in Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease have a relatively good prognosis. However, a subset of pNETs metastasize and significantly contribute to VHL-related mortality. Evidence-based guidelines are needed for timely detection, management and intervention of these tumors. However, the value of several diagnostic tools is controversial, and evidence-based management strategies are lacking. This systematic review aims to update current literature on diagnostic and management strategies of pNETs in VHL and proposes evidence-based recommendations. The databases of PubMed/Medline, Embase and Web of Science were systematically searched to identify relevant studies. Studies were screened independently and cross-checked by two authors to assess eligibility for inclusion. Eighty-four articles were eligible for full text reading, and thirteen were critically appraised using the modified Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies or modified Quality in Prognostic Studies tool. Six studies assessed the diagnostic value of imaging modalities, five focused on the optimal timing for surgical intervention, and one article studied the growth rate of pNETs. Quality of the available evidence was determined using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations tool. Studies recommended CT or MRI as the primary screening modalities for pNETs. For detection of metastases, 68Gallium-DOTATATE/TOC PET/CT is advised. For pNETs <2 cm a watch-and-wait approach is recommended, while for pNETs ≥2.5 cm surgical resection is advised. Due to limited data, no strong recommendations on surveillance could be proposed.

Long term outcomes for patients with von Hippel-Lindau and Pheochromocytoma: defining the role of active surveillance.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with a confirmed germline mutation in the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene have been followed at the National Cancer Institute since the 1980s. In this study, we identify VHL patients with pheochromocytoma and long-term follow-up to determine the best candidates for active surveillance and surgical resection. METHODS: A prospectively collected database of patients with a confirmed germline VHL mutation was reviewed to identify patients with a history of pheochromocytoma and at least 10 years of follow up. The presence of symptoms was assessed at the time of resection. Imaging data obtained at each clinic visit was reviewed to evaluate mass size and annual growth rate. Catecholamine data were reviewed to evaluate for data above the upper limit of the reference range. Masses that underwent imaging at least 3 months apart were considered in our surveillance cohort. RESULTS: Median follow up was 16.7 years. There was a size-dependent increase in catecholamine production (P<0.05). For 36 masses on active surveillance, growth rate increased exponentially from 0.03 cm/y when masses were <1 cm to 0.32 cm/y when masses were greater than 2 cm. Approximately 1/3 of patients developed another pheochromocytoma after initial resection with a median time of 7.9 years. Partial adrenalectomy was associated with no metastatic events and a steroid-free rate of 97%. CONCLUSION: Active surveillance is a safe strategy for management of VHL associated pheochromocytoma in masses less than 2 cm.

Familial Nervous System Tumor Syndromes.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Although sporadic primary neoplasms account for the majority of nervous system tumors, familial nervous system tumor syndromes are important and clinically relevant conditions for the neurologist to understand. This article reviews common inherited nervous system tumor syndromes including neurofibromatosis type 1, neurofibromatosis type 2, schwannomatosis, tuberous sclerosis complex, and von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. The epidemiology, genetics, approach to diagnosis, neurologic and nonneurologic manifestations, and management options are reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS: Awareness of the more common and clinically relevant familial nervous system tumor syndromes is important. These conditions teach us about the underlying biology that drives tumor development in the central and peripheral nervous systems including peripheral nerve sheath tumors (eg, neurofibroma, schwannoma), meningioma, vestibular schwannoma, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, and hemangioblastoma. Knowledge of the clinical manifestations ensures that the neurologist will be able to diagnose these conditions, recommend appropriate surveillance, refer to specialists, and support optimal management. Important discoveries in the role of the underlying genetics have contributed to the launch of several novel drug trials for these tumors, which are changing therapeutic options for patients. SUMMARY: Familial nervous system tumor syndromes are uncommon conditions that require specialized surveillance and management strategies. Coordination across a multidisciplinary team that includes neurologists, neuro-oncologists, radiologists, neurosurgeons, radiation oncologists, otolaryngologists, pathologists, neuropsychologists, physical medicine and rehabilitation specialists, and geneticists is necessary for the optimal treatment of these patients.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours in patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease.

Von Hippel-Lindau disease is a highly penetrant autosomal genetic disorder caused by a germline mutation in the tumour suppressor gene, manifesting with the formation of various tumours, including neuroendocrine tumours of the pancreas. The incidence of the latter is not very high, varying from 5% to 18%. To compare, haemangioblastomas and clear cell renal carcinoma are present in 70% of von Hippel-Lindau patients and are considered the main prognostic factors, with renal cancer being the most common cause of death. However, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours should not be neglected, considering their malignant potential (different to sporadic cases), natural history, and treatment protocol. This paper aims to review the literature on the epidemiology, natural history, treatment, and surveillance of individuals affected by pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours in von Hippel-Lindau disease.

Familial Kidney Cancer: Implications of New Syndromes and Molecular Insights.

CONTEXT: Hereditary cases account for about 5% of all cases of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). With advances in next-generation sequencing, several new hereditary syndromes have been described in the last few years. OBJECTIVE: To review and summarise the recent preclinical and clinical literature in hereditary renal cancer. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A systematic review of the literature was performed in November 2018 using PubMed and OMIM databases, with an emphasis on kidney cancer, genetics and genomics, clinical criteria, and management. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Several autosomal dominant hereditary RCC syndromes have been described, including those related to germline pathogenic variants in VHL, MET, FH, TSC1/TSC2, FLCN, SDHA/B/C/D, BAP1, CDC73, and MITF. Clinical spectrum of SDH, BAP1, and MITF is still being defined, although these appear to be associated with a lower incidence of RCC. FH and likely BAP1 RCC are associated with more aggressive disease. Preclinical and clinical studies show that using systemic therapy that exploits specific genetic pathways is a promising strategy. CONCLUSIONS: There are several well-described hereditary RCC syndromes, as well as recently identified ones, for which the full clinical spectrum is yet to be defined. In the new era of precision medicine, identification of these syndromes may play an important role in management and systemic treatment selection. PATIENT SUMMARY: This review covers updates in the diagnosis and management of familial kidney cancer syndromes. We describe updates in testing and management of the most common syndromes such as von Hippel-Lindau, and hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma. We also provide insights into recently described familial kidney cancer syndromes.

68Ga-DOTA-TOC PET/CT of von Hippel-Lindau Disease.

We present a rare case of a 42-year-old man with a long history of von Hippel-Lindau disease that was scanned with Ga-DOTA-TOC PET/CT for suspicion of disease relapse. Ga-DOTA-TOC imaging demonstrated increased DOTA-TOC uptake in pancreas tail and intramedullary and extramedullary spinal hemangioblastomas, only some of which have already been highlighted at MRI examination. This case illustrates the significant role the Ga-labeled somatostatin receptor analogs PET/CT in the management of the von Hippel-Lindau disease.

Pathophysiology and management of glaucoma associated with phakomatoses.

The phakomatoses, encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis (ETA; Sturge-Weber Syndrome), neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1 or von Recklinghausen disease), Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease, tuberous sclerosis (TSC), oculodermal melanocytosis (ODM), and phakomatosis pigmentovascularis are a group of neurocutaneous disorders that have characteristic systemic and ocular manifestations. Through many different mechanisms, they may cause glaucomatous damage of the optic nerve and subsequent vision loss varying from mild to severe. Glaucoma commonly affects patients with ETA (43-72%), orbito-facial NF1 (23-50%), and ODM (10%). Rarely, it may present as neovascular glaucoma in VHL and TSC. In ETA, glaucoma typically occurs ipsilateral to the port-wine stain, which is caused by a mutation in the GNAQ gene. Specifically, mechanical malformation of the anterior chamber angle and elevated episcleral venous pressure has been implicated as causes of glaucoma in ETA. In NF1, which is caused by a mutation in the NF1 tumor suppressor gene, glaucoma commonly occurs ipsilateral to lid plexiform neurofibromas. Histological studies of eyes with NF1 have revealed direct anterior chamber infiltration by neurofibromas, secondary angle closure, fibrovascularization, and developmental angle abnormalities as mechanisms of glaucoma. Lastly, phakomatosis pigmentovascularis is a rare combination of ODM and port-wine stain. Affected patients are at very high risk of developing glaucoma. Despite the many different mechanisms of glaucomatous damage, management follows similar principles as that for congenital glaucoma and primary open angle glaucoma. First-line therapy is topical intraocular pressure-lowering eye drops. Surgical management, including goniotomy, trabeculotomy, trabeculectomy, and tube shunt placement may be required for more severe cases.